[00:00:00] Elon Musk Create clip The following is a conversation with Elon Musk, Part two. The second time we spoke on the podcast with parallels if not in quality than an outfit to the objectively speaking greatest sequel of all time. Godfather. Part Two. As many people know, Elon Musk is a leader of Tesla Space six. Your Link and the Boring Company. Well, maybe less known is that he's a world class engineer and designer, constantly emphasizing first principles, thinking in taking on big engineering problems that many before him will consider impossible. The scientists and engineers most of us don't question the way things are done. We'll simply follow the momentum of the crowd of revolutionary ideas that change the world on the small and large scales happen when you return to the fundamentals and ask, Is there a better way? This conversation focuses on the incredible engineering and innovation done in brain computer interfaces in neural link. This work promises to help treat your biological diseases to help us further understand the connection between the individual neuron to the high level function of the human brain and finally toe one day expand the capacity of the brain through two way communication with computational devices, the Internet and artificial intelligence systems.
[00:01:25] Elon Musk Create clip This is the artificial intelligence podcast, if you enjoy it, subscribed about in YouTube Apple podcast SPOTIFY support on Page John are simply connect with me on Twitter Alexe Friedman spelled f R I D M A N and now as anonymous YouTube commenter referred to our previous conversation as the quote Historical First video of two robots conversing without supervision. Here's the second time the second conversation with Ilan Musk. Let's start with the easy question about consciousness. In your view is consciousness something that's unique to humans. There is just something that permeates all matter almost like a fundamental force of physics.
[00:02:10] Lex Fridman Create clip I don't think consciousness permeates all matter
[00:02:13] Elon Musk Create clip pants. I cause believe that there's a philosophical Howard. You're gentle. That's true. That's a good point.
[00:02:21] Lex Fridman Create clip I believe in scientific method, Billie. Mind anything but the scientific method is like if you can't test the hypothesis that you cannot reach meaningful conclusion that it is true,
[00:02:30] Elon Musk Create clip Do you think consciousness understanding cautious is within the reach of science of the scientific method?
[00:02:37] Lex Fridman Create clip Weaken dramatically improve our understanding of consciousness, you know, be hard pressed to say that we understand anything with complete accuracy. But can we dramatically improve our understanding consciousness? I believe the answer is yes.
[00:02:53] Elon Musk Create clip Does any A I system, in your view, have to have consciousness in order to achieve human level or super human level intelligence? Does he need to have some of these human qualities that consciousness, maybe a body, maybe a fear of mortality, capacity, love most kinds of silly human things, But this
[00:03:16] Lex Fridman Create clip is different. You know, there's this this the scientific method, which I very much believe in, where something is true to the degree that it is tested. Lee so and and otherwise you're really just talking about, you know, preferences or untested will beliefs Or that, you know, that kind of thing. So ends up being somewhat of a semantic question where we're conflating a lot of things with the word intelligence. If we parse them out and say no, all we had it, uh, towards the future, where and I will be able to out think us in every way, then the answer is unequivocally yes,
[00:04:05] Elon Musk Create clip in order for any eye system that needs to out think us in every way, It also needs to have a capacity to have consciousness, self awareness and underwear
[00:04:16] Lex Fridman Create clip will be self aware. Yes, that's different from consciousness. I mean, between two. What's what consciousness feels like? It feels like consciousness is in a different dimension. But this is this. It could be just an illusion. You know, if you damn it damaged your brain in some way. Physically, you get you damage your consciousness, which implies that consciousness is a physical phenomenon. And in my view, the thing is that I think are really quite quite likely that digital intelligence will think us in every way and will soon be able to simulate what we consider consciousness S. O. T. That you would not be able to tell the difference.
[00:04:59] Elon Musk Create clip And from the from the aspect of the scientific method, it's might as well be cautious if we can simulate
[00:05:04] Lex Fridman Create clip it perfectly. If you can't tell the difference once this sort of but the Turing test. But think of a more sort of fast version of the Turing test. If you're if you're talking to a digital super intelligence and can't tell if that is a computer or a human like this, you just having conversation of a phone or a video conference or something. Where you think you're talking? Look, Looks like a person makes all of the right reflections and movements and all the small subtleties that constitute human on DDE. Talks like human makes mistakes like you're hearing like that and you literally just can't tell Is this Are you very conversing with a person work or an A? I
[00:05:56] Elon Musk Create clip might as well as well be human. So on a darker topic, you've expressed serious concern about existential threats of a I. It's perhaps one of the greatest challenges our civilization faces. But since I would say we're kind of an optimistic descendants of apes, perhaps we confined several paths of escaping the harm of a I. So if I can give you three options, maybe can comment, which do you think is the most promising? So one is scaling up efforts on a A, ay, safety and beneficially I research in hope of finding algorithmic. Or maybe a policy solution, too is becoming a multi planetary species as quickly as possible, and three is merging with a I and riding the wave of that increasing intelligence, a zit continuously improves. What do you think is most promising? Most interesting as a civilization that we should invest in.
[00:06:54] Lex Fridman Create clip I think this this a lot of investment investment going on, and I, where there's a lack of investment, is in the eye safety. And there should be, in my view, a coven agency that oversees anything linked to a I to confirm that it is just not represent a public safety risk. Justus. There is, AH, regulatory authority for like the Food and Drug Administration is nets for Gordon Automotive Safety. There's the FAA for aircraft safety, where general comes a conclusion that is important to have a government, referee or referee that is serving the public interest in ensuring that, ah, things were safe when when there's a potential danger to the public. Um, I would argue that ah II is unequivocally something that has potential to be dangerous to the public and therefore should have a regulatory agency, just as other things that endangers the public have a regulatory agency. But let me tell you, promised with this is that the government is very slowly and the rate of the usually wear a regulatory agency comes into being is that something terrible happens.
[00:08:07] Lex Fridman Create clip There's a huge public outcry and years after that, does regulatory agency were a rule put in place? Take something like like seat belts. It was known for a decade or more that seat belts with have a massive impact on safety and save so many lives in serious injuries. And the car industry fought the requirements, put seatbelts in tooth and nail. That's crazy man and 100,000 fuel probably died because of that. And they said people wouldn't buy cars if that's he felt just obviously absurd. Yeah, or look at the back tobacco industry and how long they fought any thing about smoking, Let's put away. I helped make that movie. Thank you for smoking. He considers. See just how pernicious it can be when you have these cos effectively she regulatory capture of government the bad You're only a community. Refer to the event of digital super intelligence as a singularity that that is not to say that it is good or bad, but that it is very difficult to predict what will happen after that point. And and then there's some probability it will be bats and probably will be. It will be good if they want to affect that probably and have it be more good than bad.
[00:09:38] Elon Musk Create clip Well, let me on the merger with a I question. And the incredible work is being done in your link. There's a lot of fascinating innovation here across different disciplines going on. So the flexible wires there about it so machine, that response to brain movement, everything around, ensuring safety and so on. So we currently understand very little about the human brain. Do you also hope that the work at neural link will help us understand more about our about the human mind about the brain?
[00:10:13] Lex Fridman Create clip Yeah. The working you're like will definitely shut a lot of insight into how the brain the mind works. Right now, there's the data we have regarding the hell Brain works is very limited. You know what evermore I, which is that? That's kind of like putting us, you know, a stethoscope on the outside of a factory will and then putting it like all over the factory. Will you consider hear the sounds, but you don't know what machines are doing really well, it's hard. You're gonna for a few things, but it's very pro breastroke in order to really know what's going on in the brain you really need. You have to have high precision sensors, and then you wanna have stimulus and response. Like if you trigger a neuron. What? How do you feel? What do you see? How does a change of perception of the world
[00:10:59] Elon Musk Create clip you're speaking to physically Just getting close to the band being with the measure, signals from the brain will give us sort of open the door and inside the
[00:11:07] Lex Fridman Create clip factory, Yes, exactly. Being able to have high precision sensors but that tell you what individual neurons are doing and then being able to trigger on your own and see what the responses in the brain so you can see the consequences of If you fire this new on what happens, how do you feel what is change? It'll be really profound to have this in people because people can articulate their change, like if there's a change in mood or if they, you know, if they can tell you if they can see better or hear better or be able to form sentences better, worse or the memories are jogged or that kind of thing.
[00:11:52] Elon Musk Create clip So on the human side, there's this incredible general malleability plasticity of the human brain. The human brain adapts, adjusts and so on. So that's what that plastic brutally frank. So there's a firm structure, but there nevertheless, there's some plasticity and open question is so. If I could ask a broad question is how much that plus this you can be utilized, sort of. On the human side, there's some plus decision, you and brain. And on the machine side, we have neural networks, machine learning, artificial intelligence. It's able to adjust and figure out signals. So there's, ah, mysterious language that we don't perfectly understand. That's within the human brain. And then we're trying to understand that language to communicate both directions so the brain is adjusting a little bit. We don't know how much and the machine is adjusting. Where do you see as they try to sort of reach together, almost like with an alien species? Tried to find a protocol communication protocol that works. Where do you see the biggest, the biggest benefit of Riley from on the machine side or the human side? Do you see both of them working together? I
[00:13:02] Lex Fridman Create clip should like. The machine side is far more malleable in the biological side, but by all huge around. So it will be the the machine that the deaths to the brain. That's the only thing that's possible. The brain can adapt that well to to the machine. You can't have neurons start to regard an electrode as another neuron neuron just did this, like the pulse. And so something else is pulsing. So this there is that there is that that elasticity in the interface, which we believe is something that can happen. But the vast majority of malleability will have to be on machine side,
[00:13:38] Elon Musk Create clip but it's interesting when you look at that synaptic plasticity at the interface side, there might be like an emergent plasticity because it's a whole nother. It's not like in the brains the whole nother extension of the brain. You know, we might have to redefine what it means to be valuable for the brain. So maybe the brain is able to adjust to external interface is
[00:13:59] Lex Fridman Create clip there will be some adjustments the brain, because this is gonna be something reading and simulating the brain, and so it will adjust to to that thing. But most the vast majority. The adjustment will be on the machine side. This is just if this is just has to be that otherwise it will not work. Ultimately, like we're currently operate on two layers, we have several limbic like prime operative brain layer, which is where all of our kind of impulses are coming from. It's sort of like we've got. We've got, like, a monkey brain with a computer stock on it. That's That's the human brain, and a lot of our impulses and everything are turned by the monkey brain. And the computer of the cortex is constantly trying to make the monkey monkey brain happy. It's not the cortex that's steering the monkey range, the monkey brains during the cortex. You know what the
[00:14:52] Elon Musk Create clip cortex is, the part that tells the story of the whole thing. So we convinced ourselves that it's ah, more interesting than just the monkey brain.
[00:14:59] Lex Fridman Create clip The cortex is like, cool, like human intelligence units. That's like that's like the advanced computer relative to other creatures the creatures do not have. Even really, they don't. They don't have the computer where they have very weak computer relative to humans, but but it's it's like it sort of seems like surely the really smart thing should control the dumb thing, but actually don't think it does this one thing.
[00:15:28] Elon Musk Create clip So do you think some of the same kind of machine learning methods whether that's natural language processing applications, are going to be applied for the communication between the machine and the brain into to learn how to do certain things, like movement of the body to process visual stimulants on? Do you see the value of using machine learning to understand the language of the two way communication with the brain?
[00:15:55] Lex Fridman Create clip Sure, absolutely. Maybe we're a neural net and that, you know, a eyes basically known that it was like digital neural. Net will interface with biological neural net and hopefully bring us along for the ride. But the vast majority of our of our intelligence will be digital like like think of like the difference in intelligence between your cortex analytic system is gigantic. You're living system really has no comprehension of what the hell the cortex is doing. Um, it's just literally hungry or tired or angry or sexy or something. You know, it's just and then, in that case, that impulse to the cortex and tells the cortex to go satisfy that, then love a great deal like a massive amount of thinking, like truly stupendous amount of thinking has gone into sex without purpose, without procreation, without procreation, in which, which is actually quite a silly action in the absence of procreation, it's mentally one. Why are you doing it? I
[00:17:14] Elon Musk Create clip think it makes the
[00:17:15] Lex Fridman Create clip limbic system happy. That's why that's why. But it's pretty absurd, really.
[00:17:21] Elon Musk Create clip Well, the full of existence is pretty absurd in some kind of sense.
[00:17:24] Lex Fridman Create clip Yeah, but I mean, this is a lot of computation has gone into. How can I do more of that with the procreation? Not even being a factor. This is, I think, a very important area of research. Finest f w
[00:17:39] Elon Musk Create clip on an agency that should receive a lot of fundings pushed after this.
[00:17:43] Lex Fridman Create clip If I proposed the formation of a new agency.
[00:17:48] Elon Musk Create clip Oh, boy. Uh, what is the most exciting or some of the most exciting things that you see in the future? Impact of neural link, both on the science engineering, a societal broad impact.
[00:18:02] Lex Fridman Create clip So, in your link, I think at first will solve a lot of brain related diseases. So, uh, creating from like autism, schizophrenia, memory loss like everyone experiences memory, memory loss that at certain points in age, parents can't remember their kids names and that kind of thing. So there's an interest amount of good that nearly conduce in solving critical, uh, critical damage to brain or the spinal cord. There's a lot that could be done to improve quality of life of individuals, and that will be those we steps along the way. And then, ultimately, it's intended to address the rest of the existential risk associated with at digital super intelligence. Um, like we will not feel to be smarter than a visual supercomputer. So therefore you can't beat them, join them and release. We won't have that option.
[00:19:01] Elon Musk Create clip You have hope that your link will be able to be a kind of connection to allow us to emerge to ride the wave of the improving A. I
[00:19:11] Lex Fridman Create clip systems. I think the chances above 0%
[00:19:15] Elon Musk Create clip this non zero. Yeah, there's a chance, and that's
[00:19:19] Lex Fridman Create clip what they've seen Dumb and Dumber. Yes, yes, I'm saying there's a chance
[00:19:24] Elon Musk Create clip he's saying one in a 1,000,000,000 or one in a 1,000,000 whatever it was that dumb and dumber,
[00:19:28] Lex Fridman Create clip you know, we're from maybe one million to improving. Maybe it'll be 1 2000 and then 101 in 10. Depends on the rate of improvement of neural link and how fast were able to do make progress, you know?
[00:19:41] Elon Musk Create clip Well, I've talked to a few folks here. Quite brilliant, engineer. Some. I'm excited.
[00:19:45] Lex Fridman Create clip Yeah, I think it's, like, fundamentally good. You know who you're giving somebody back full motor control after they've had a spinal cord injury. You know, restoring brain functionality after a stroke. Um, solving debilitating genetically orange brain diseases. These are all incredibly great, I think. And you know what? Do these. You have to be able to interface with neurons at detail level in each build fire. They're not right. Neurons read, write neurons and and then effectively, you can create a circuit, replace what's broken with with silicon and fill in the missing functionality. And then, over time we can have developed a tertiary layer of like Olympic system is the primary layer. Then the cortex is like a second the second layer now, and I said that, you know, that was the cortex is vastly more intelligent than the limbic system, but people generally like the fact that they have a living system and cortex. I've met anyone who wants to delete either one of them like a girl keeping both. That's cool. Big systems kind of fun does where the fun is absolutely, Um, and then you people really don't lose the cortex, either.
[00:20:57] Lex Fridman Create clip It's like having the cortex and Olympic system. Yeah, uh, and and then there's a tertiary layer, which will be digital super intelligence. And I think there's room for optimism, given that the cortex the cortex, is very intelligent and limbic system is not. And yet they work together. Well, perhaps they could be a tertiary layer where digital super intelligence lies and that that will be vastly more intelligent than the cortex but still coexist peacefully. And I've been a benign manner with the cortex Olympic system.
[00:21:29] Elon Musk Create clip That's, Ah, super exciting future, both in Lowell of engineering. That I saw is being done here and actual possibility the next few decades.
[00:21:38] Lex Fridman Create clip It's important that New Orleans solve this problem sooner rather than later, because the point of which we have digital super intelligence, that's why he passed the singularity and things become just very uncertain doesn't mean that they're necessarily bad or good. For the point of which we passed singularity, things become extremely unstable. So we want to have a human brain interface before the singularity, or at least not long after it, to minimize existential risk for humanity and consciousness as we know it.
[00:22:06] Elon Musk Create clip But there's a lot of fascinating actual engineering, a little level problems here in your link that are quite quite exciting. What? Ah,
[00:22:14] Lex Fridman Create clip the problems that we face. You're like art material science, electrical engineering, software, mechanical engineering, micro fabrication. It's a bunch of engineering disciplines. Essentially, that's what it comes down to. You have to have a tiny electrode. So So it's a social. It doesn't hurt neurons. Um, but it's gonna last for as long as a person who's gonna last for decades on. And then you've got to take that signal you got process that single looks signal locally at low power. So we need a lot of trip design engineers that you know, uh, signal processing and do so in a very how efficient way So we don't hit your brain off. Um, because Prince for heat sensors on then and then we're gonna take those signals we're going to do something with them. And then we got to stimulate stimulate the back to to, you know, a secret bidirectional communication. Um, so So he's good on material science, software, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, trip designed, micro fabrication. That's what those the things we need to work on we need to get in material science is that the have tiny electrodes that last long time and as the tough thing with the science problems tough one because you're trying to read and stimulate electrically in elect an electrically active area. Your brain is very electrically active, electric chemically active. So how do you have ah coding on the electrode that doesn't dissolve over time? Um, and it is safe in the brain, does very hard from.
[00:23:59] Lex Fridman Create clip And then and then how do you, um, collect those signals in a way that is most efficient because you really just have very tiny massive power to process those signals? Yeah, and then we need to automate the whole thing. So it's like Lazic says it's not. If this is done by neurosurgeons, there's no way it can scale to a large number of people And the scales large numbers of people because I think ultimately we want the future repeated to turned by a large number of the humans.
[00:24:32] Elon Musk Create clip Do you think that this has a chance to revolutionize surgery, period? So, neurosurgery and
[00:24:38] Lex Fridman Create clip close. Yeah, for sure. It's gonna be like, lazy, like if lazik have to be hand done done by hand by a person, that would be great. You know, it's somebody robot. Uh, the ophthalmologist kind of just needs to make sure your your heads in my position, and then they just press a button and go
[00:24:59] Elon Musk Create clip smart, summon, and soon Auto Park takes on the full beautiful mess of parking lots and their human a human nonverbal communication. I think it has actually the potential toe have a profound impact in changing how our civilization looks at a I and robotics. Because this is the first time human beings people that don't own a test that may have never seen a test I heard about it has to get to watch hundreds of thousands of cars without a driver. Do you see it this way? Almost like an education tool for the world? About a I Do you feel the burden of that? The excitement of that. Or do you just think it's a smart parking
[00:25:38] Lex Fridman Create clip feature? I do think you are getting at something important, which is most you have never really seen a robot or and what what is the card that is autonomous? It's a four wheeled robot.
[00:25:50] Elon Musk Create clip Yeah, it communicates a certain sort of message with everything from safety to the possibility of what a I could bring this current limitations, its current challenges. It's what's possible. Do you feel the burden of that almost like a communicator? Educators to the world about A I
[00:26:08] Lex Fridman Create clip we were just really tryingto make fuels lives easier with autonomy. But now that you mention it, I think it will be, and I open up to people about robotics because they've really never seen most people never seen a robot and start 100,000 test. Those won't be long before there's a 1,000,000 of them that have autonomous capability and the drive without a person in it on you, you can see the kind of evolution of the car's personality and and thinking. With each generation of voter pilot, you can see it's it's uncertain about this or it gets it, but now it's more certain now announced, moving in a slightly different way. Like I could tell immediately if a car is on Tess autopilot. Because sketches, little nuances of movement, it just moves in a slightly different way. It causing intense a little, for example, on the highway off, far more precise about being in the center of the lane than a person. If you drive down the highway and look at how where cars are, the human driven cars are within their lane that they're like bumper cars. They're like moving all over the place. The car on autopilot, Dead center.
[00:27:17] Elon Musk Create clip Yes, of the incredible work that's going into that neural network is learning fast. Autonomy is still very, very hard. We don't if you know how hard it is. Fully. Of course, uh, you look at the most problems you tackle this one included with an exponential lens. But even with an exponential improvement, things can take longer than expected sometimes. So where does Tess look currently stand on its quest for full autonomy? What's your sense? When can we see successful deployment of full autonomy
[00:27:56] Lex Fridman Create clip well on the highway? Already, the probability of intervention is extremely low. Yes, so for highway autonomy. Um, with latest release, especially the probability of need to intervene is really quite low. In fact, I'd say for stop and go traffic, it's mad as far safer than a person right now and stuff we get the probability of an injury or the impact is much, much lower for the piles in a person. And they would never get over politic and change lanes, take highway interchanges. And then we were coming at it from the other direction, which is low speed, full autonomy. In a way, this is like it's like, How does a person learns? Drive you like driving parking lot? You know, You know, first time you learned Dr probably wasn't jumping on Market Street in San Francisco. Don't be crazy. You're driving in the parking lot, get things, get things right at low speed. And then the missing piece they're working on is traffic lights and stuff. Streets, soccer star streets, I would say, actually, also relatively easy because, you know, you kind of know where the stuff street is was casing joke odors, and then use visualization to see where the line is and stuff the line Thio eliminate the GSR, So I was actually, that was probably complex traffic lights and very wind e roads.
[00:29:18] Lex Fridman Create clip Aw, the two things that need to get solved.
[00:29:21] Elon Musk Create clip What's harder? Perception of control for these problems? So being able to perfectly perceive everything or figuring out a plan once you perceive everything how to interact with all the agents in the environment. In your sense, from a learning perspective, his perception or action harder. In that giant, beautiful, multi task learning neural
[00:29:41] Lex Fridman Create clip network, the hottest thing is having accurate representation of the physical objects in vector space. So transfer Tate, taking the visual input primarily visual input, some sonar and radar and and then creating the an accurate vector space representation of the objects around you. Once you have an accurate vector space, representation the flank and control this relatively easier. That is relatively easy. Basically, once you have accurate back to space representation, then you're kind of like a video game like cars in like Grand Theft Order or something like they work pretty well. They drive down the road. They don't crash pretty much unless you crash into them. That's because they've got an accurate vector space representation of where the cars are and they're just and then the rendering. That is the output.
[00:30:32] Elon Musk Create clip You have a sense high level. That test was on track on being able to achieve full autonomy on the highway. Absolutely and still no driver, state driver sensing.
[00:30:48] Lex Fridman Create clip And we have driver sensing with talking the wheel. That's right. Yeah,
[00:30:52] Elon Musk Create clip by the way, just a quick comment on karaoke. Most people think it's fun, but I also think it is this driving feature I've been saying for a long time. Singing in the car is really good for attention management and vigilance. Management's
[00:31:04] Lex Fridman Create clip all right. Tess, like Roky, is great. Is that one of the most fun features of the car? Do
[00:31:09] Elon Musk Create clip you think of for connection between fun and safety? Sometimes,
[00:31:12] Lex Fridman Create clip yeah, you could do both at the same time. That's great.
[00:31:16] Elon Musk Create clip I just met with Andrew in wife of Carl Sagan, Director Cosmos.
[00:31:22] Lex Fridman Create clip I'm really a big fan of Carl Sagan. He's super cool, and they had a great way of putting things. Well, if my consciousness, old civilization, everything we've ever known and done is on this tiny blue dot, you also get they get to trapped in there like squabbles amongst humans this. Don't think of the big picture. They take civilization and our continued existence for granted. I shouldn't do that. Look at the history of civilizations, the rise and they fall. And now civilization is a ll. It's globalized. And so our civilization, I think, now rises and falls together. There's no that's not geographic isolation. This is a big risk. Things don't always go up. That should be. That's an important lesson of history.
[00:32:13] Elon Musk Create clip In 1990 at the request of Carl Sagan, Voyager One spacecraft, which is spacecraft that's reaching out farther than anything human made into space, turned around to take a picture of Earth from 3.7 billion miles away. And as you're talking about the pale blue dot, that picture there takes up less than a single pixel in that image. Appearing is a tiny blue dot as, uh, pale blue dot is Carl Sagan called it, so He spoke about this dot of ours in 1994 and if you could humor me, I was wondering if in the last two minutes you could read the words that he wrote, describing this payable doubt.
[00:32:59] Lex Fridman Create clip Yes, especially the universe appears to be 13.8 billion years old birth like four and 1/2 1,000,000,000 years old, you know, another half 1,000,000,000 years or so the sun will expand and probably evaporate the oceans on Make life impossible on Earth. Which means that if it had taken consciousness, temps sent longer to evolve, it would never have pulled. It'll attempts and longer. Um, I wonder I wonder how many dead one plant civilizations that are out there in the cosmos that never made it to the other planet and ultimately extinguish themselves or were destroyed by external factors. For only a few is only just possible to to travel to Mars just barely. If G was temps and morph when work really empty was 10% lower would be easy. Like you go single stage from service module away the steps of the Christmases 37 into its gravity about giant Bruce. Take it off. Channeling Costigan. Look again at that dot that's here. That's home. That's us on it. Everyone. You love everyone. You know everyone you've ever heard off every human being who ever waas lived out their lives.
[00:34:36] Lex Fridman Create clip The aggregate of our joy and suffering thousands of confident religions, ideologies and economic doctrines. Every hunter and forager, every hero and coward. Every creator and destroyer of civilization. Every king and peasant, Every young couple in love. Every mother and father, hopeful child, inventor and explorer Every teacher of morals, every corrupt politician, every superstar, every supreme leader, every saint and sinner in the history of our species Lived there on a mote of dust suspended in a sunbeam. Our planet is a lonely speck in the great, enveloping, cosmic, dark in our obscurity. In all this vastness, there is no hint that help will come from elsewhere to save us from ourselves. The Earth is the only world known so far to harbor life. There is nowhere else, at least in the near future, to which our species could migrate. This is not true. This is fault Marks.
[00:35:39] Elon Musk Create clip And I think Carl Sagan would agree with that. He couldn't even imagine it at that time. So thank you from making the world dream. And thank you for talking today. I really appreciate it.
